Addiction Research
Open AccessDependence and Awareness in the Human–Smartphone Relationship: A Narrative Inquiry
Authors: Cheng Hsiao-Feng.
Abstract
Purpose: Adopting a de-pathologizing and process-oriented perspective, this study explored how individuals’ relationships with their smartphones gradually evolve, deepen, and transform throughout the development of smartphone addiction.
Participants: Twenty-three adults aged 20 to 45 who self-identified a tendency toward smartphone addiction were purposively recruited from community and university networks.
Methods: A narrative inquiry design was employed to capture participants’ lived experiences across time. Each participant took part in three semi-structured interviews conducted at one-month intervals and completed two creative reflection tasks: My Smartphone Story Journal and the Addiction-Imagination Picture Book. The data corpus of interviews and creative artifacts was analyzed using a holistic–content narrative approach to construct temporal trajectories and thematic patterns.
Results: Three overarching themes were identified: (1) Experiencing the present: Smartphone use was marked by emotional ambivalence, combining comfort with restlessness and emptiness. (2) The path to smartphone addiction: Dependence developed gradually, with smartphones becoming steady yet consuming companions integrated into daily routines. (3) Human–smartphone relationships: Participants expressed concern about inseparability while striving to rebuild more human-centered and rational ways of use.
Conclusions: Smartphone addiction emerged as an evolving human experience rather than a clinical condition. The findings highlight reflection, self-awareness, and meaning reconstruction as essential steps toward more balanced and mindful digital engagement.
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