Addiction Research

Addiction Research

Open Access
ISSN: 2639-8451
Research Article

Dependence and Awareness in the Human–Smartphone Relationship: A Narrative Inquiry

Authors: Cheng Hsiao-Feng.

DOI: 10.33425/2639-8451.1064


Abstract

Purpose: Adopting a de-pathologizing and process-oriented perspective, this study explored how individuals’ relationships with their smartphones gradually evolve, deepen, and transform throughout the development of smartphone addiction.

Participants: Twenty-three adults aged 20 to 45 who self-identified a tendency toward smartphone addiction were purposively recruited from community and university networks.

Methods: A narrative inquiry design was employed to capture participants’ lived experiences across time. Each participant took part in three semi-structured interviews conducted at one-month intervals and completed two creative reflection tasks: My Smartphone Story Journal and the Addiction-Imagination Picture Book. The data corpus of interviews and creative artifacts was analyzed using a holistic–content narrative approach to construct temporal trajectories and thematic patterns.

Results: Three overarching themes were identified: (1) Experiencing the present: Smartphone use was marked by emotional ambivalence, combining comfort with restlessness and emptiness. (2) The path to smartphone addiction: Dependence developed gradually, with smartphones becoming steady yet consuming companions integrated into daily routines. (3) Human–smartphone relationships: Participants expressed concern about inseparability while striving to rebuild more human-centered and rational ways of use.

Conclusions: Smartphone addiction emerged as an evolving human experience rather than a clinical condition. The findings highlight reflection, self-awareness, and meaning reconstruction as essential steps toward more balanced and mindful digital engagement.

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Citation: Cheng Hsiao-Feng. Dependence and Awareness in the Human–Smartphone Relationship: A Narrative Inquiry. 2026; 10(1). DOI: 10.33425/2639-8451.1064
Editor-in-Chief
Yury Evgeny Razvodovsky
Yury Evgeny Razvodovsky
Department of Psychiatry | Grodno State Medical University

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