Background: Cervical lymphadenopathy is a common reason for consultation, with etiologies that vary according to the epidemiological context. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological and histopathological profiles of cervical lymphadenopathies at CHU/JRA.

Methods: this was a retrospective, descriptive, and analytical study of cervical lymph node biopsies performed between January 2022 and December 2025. Data were collected anonymously from registry logbooks, pathology request forms, and histopathology reports, and analyzed using Excel 2020© and Epi Info 7. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results: A total of 285 cases were included, with a mean age of 29.3 ± 17 years and a female predominance (sex ratio = 0.79). Inflammatory lesions accounted for 60% of cases, with a predominance of caseo-follicular tuberculosis (54.4%). Tumoral pathologies represented 25.9% of cases. A statistically significant association was found between age and histological type (p=0.0000).

Conclusion: Tuberculosis remains the leading cause of cervical lymphadenopathy among young individuals in Madagascar, whereas tumoral etiologies predominate in older patients. Histopathological examination remains essential for appropriate management.