Introduction: Gliomas are primary tumors of the central nervous system that mainly arise from glial cells. Their diagnosis is primarily based on histopathological examination, although recent World Health Organization classifications increasingly incorporate molecular criteria. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical and histopathological features of gliomas diagnosed in the Pathology laboratories of the Hospital Center of Soavinandriana and the University Hospital Center Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona in Antananarivo.

Materials and Method: This was a bicentric, retrospective, descriptive and analytical study conducted in two Pathology laboratories in Antananarivo over a ten-year period, from January 2013 to December 2022. All histologically confirmed cerebral gliomas were included. Data were collected from examination request forms, available medical records and pathology reports. The variables included age, sex, clinical information, imaging findings, type of specimen, macroscopic features, histological type and histoprognostic grade.

Results: A total of 68 glioma cases were collected, representing 26.9% of primary brain tumors. The mean age of patients was 33.67 ± 19.18 years, ranging from 1 to 70 years. Male predominance was observed, with a sex ratio of 1.4. Intracranial hypertension was the most frequent clinical finding, reported in 64.7% of cases. Brain CT scan was the most commonly performed imaging examination, used in 97.1% of cases. The frontal lobe was the most frequent tumor location. Histologically, oligodendroglioma (grade II) was the most common type, accounting for 29.4% of cases, while glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV) was the most frequent high-grade glioma. Low-grade gliomas represented 61.7% of cases. Statistically significant associations were found between age and histological type (p = 0.0005), sex and histological type (p = 0.012), as well as age and histoprognostic grade (p = 0.0007).

Conclusion: This study highlights the epidemiological and histopathological particularities of gliomas diagnosed in two Pathology laboratories in Antananarivo. The findings show a predominance of low-grade gliomas, a relatively young affected population and male predominance, particularly in glioblastoma cases. They also underline the limitations related to restricted access to MRI, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology. Strengthening the technical platform is necessary to improve integrated diagnosis, glioma classification and patient management in Madagascar.