Introduction: Gynecological cancers are a major public health concern because of their frequency, delayed diagnosis and impact on female morbidity and mortality. They include cancers of the cervix, uterine corpus, ovary, vagina and vulva. Cervical cancer remains particularly important in low-resource settings, where mortality is high and access to screening is still limited.

This study aimed to describe the epidemiological, clinical and histopathological features of gynecological cancers diagnosed at the Pathology Laboratory of the Soavinandriana Hospital Center.

Materials and Method: This was a single-center, retrospective, descriptive and analytical study including histologically confirmed gynecological cancers diagnosed at CENHOSOA from January 2013 to December 2018. Data were collected from laboratory registers, clinical information forms and pathology reports. Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and STATA 15. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results: Among 3041 specimens recorded during the study period, 73 were gynecological cancers, representing 2.4%. After exclusion of three cases, 70 patients were included. The mean age was 51.24 ± 13.92 years, with a peak frequency between 50 and 65 years. The cervix was the most common site, accounting for 52.9% of cases, followed by the uterine corpus in 28.5%, the ovary in 14.3%, the vulva in 2.9% and the vagina in 1.4%. Metrorrhagia was the most frequent clinical finding, reported in 52.9% of cases. Epithelial tumors accounted for 87.2% of cases.
Squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent histological type, found in 57.1% of cases.

Conclusion: Gynecological cancers diagnosed at CENHOSOA were dominated by cervical cancer and squamous cell carcinoma. These findings highlight the need to strengthen screening, improve women’s awareness, expand access to pathology services and ensure systematic reporting of TNM and FIGO stages.