Introduction: Primary bone tumors of the maxillo-mandibular region are rare and heterogeneous lesions. The aim of this study was to analyze their epidemiological and histopathological characteristics in the Malagasy context and to compare the findings with data from the literature.

Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive, and analytical study of primary maxillo-mandibular bone tumors diagnosed at the Department of Pathology of the Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona University Hospital, Antananarivo, Madagascar, over a 10-year period from January 2016 to December 2025.

Results: During the study period, twenty-seven cases were identified. Patients’ ages ranged from 10 to 62 years, with a mean age of 31.9 ± 15.9 years. A female predominance was observed, with a sex ratio of 0.58. The mandible was the most frequent tumor site, accounting for 59.3% of cases. Histologically, osteosarcoma was the most common subtype (51.9%). Osteoid osteoma occurred predominantly in patients younger than 20 years, whereas malignant tumors were mainly observed in patients older than 40 years. No statistically significant association was found between histological type and the different studied parameters.

Conclusion: Primary maxillo-mandibular bone tumors differ from those arising in long bones by their more frequent occurrence in adults and by a histological profile dominated by malignant tumors, particularly osteosarcoma.