Rice farming in swampy environment exposes farmers to various microbial agents due to contact with contaminated water, vegetative materials, and agrochemicals. Such exposures increase the risk of ocular infections, especially in rural communities with limited access to protective equipment and eye care services. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, seasonal trends, and microbial agents responsible for ocular infections among rice farmers in Ishiagu L.G.A, Ebonyi State, Nigeria, and to evaluate their associations with demographic factors and environmental exposures. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out at Marist Cottage Hospital, Uturu, which serves a large proportion of the Ishiagu farming community. A total of 150 rice farmers (males: 62; females: 88) aged between 15 and 70 years were studied. Subjects underwent ocular examination, microbiological culture, and questionnaire-based interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test for association. Keratitis (39.2%) and conjunctivitis (31.0%) were the most prevalent ocular infections. The age group 25–34 years recorded the highest burden of corneal ulcers (46.1%) and keratitis (39.2%), with significant associations (P = 0.735 and P = 0.698 respectively, not statistically significant). The most frequently isolated bacterial pathogens were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15 cases, 11.3%) and Staphylococcus aureus (15 cases, 11.3%). Fungal infections were more common during the harvesting season, with Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger isolated in 100% of samples. Common sources of exposure included plums (13.53%), vegetative materials (12.78%), and agrochemicals (12.53%). While no statistically significant relationships were observed between age and specific infections (P > 0.05 across all conditions), seasonal variation and microbial patterns suggest environmental factors play a major role. The study highlights the need for targeted public health interventions, use of eye protection, and regular screening for microbial eye infections in agricultural communities.