Research Article

Assessment of Toe Walking in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Toe Walking Scale (TWS)

Authors: Giovanni Maria Guazzo, Consiglia Nappo.

DOI: 10.33425/2769-6294.1042

---

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is often associated with motor difficulties, among which walking plays a central role. Walking is a complex movement of the body that involves the limbs, trunk and pelvis in order to move forward safely and efficiently. Among the various atypical gait patterns in individuals with ASD is walking predominantly on tiptoes, i.e. on the front of the foot or on the toes themselves. This phenomenon, called “toe walking” (TW), describes the inability to place the heel on the ground while walking or at other times when standing (running, standing upright, etc.).

This behaviour is considered normal in the postural development of children up to 2-3 years of age, but many studies claim that it is more prevalent in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) than in their typically developing peers or peers with other disabilities.

Studies conducted to date describe TW mainly in qualitative terms, while very few studies have attempted to quantify it. The aim of this study is to provide a quantitative tool that supports both clinical and rehabilitation practice: the “Toe Walking Scale” (TWS).

View / Download PDF