Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection globally and the primary cause of cervical cancer. Public awareness and acceptance of HPV vaccination are essential for effective prevention.

Objective: This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and acceptance of HPV infection and HPV vaccination among adults in Tehran, Iran.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between March and June 2026 among 120 adults residing in Tehran. Participants were selected using convenience sampling from public areas and healthcare centers. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics, knowledge about HPV infection, attitudes toward HPV vaccination, and willingness to receive the vaccine. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, independent t-tests, and logistic regression were used. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: A total of 120 participants completed the survey (62 females, 58 males). The mean age was 31.8 ± 8.7 years. Overall, 43.3% of participants demonstrated good knowledge of HPV infection. Only 38.3% were aware that HPV is associated with cervical cancer. Awareness of HPV vaccination was reported by 41.7% of participants. Approximately 52.5% expressed willingness to receive the HPV vaccine. Higher education level (OR=2.6, p=0.01) and prior awareness of HPV (OR=3.4, p<0.001) were significant predictors of vaccine acceptance.

Conclusion: Knowledge of HPV infection and vaccination among adults in Tehran was moderate, with significant gaps in awareness regarding cervical cancer prevention. Educational campaigns and public health interventions are needed to improve HPV literacy and increase vaccine acceptance.