Background: Understanding the epidemiology of eye disease improves public health, resource allocation, prevention, and quality of life. The present study aimed to characterize the epidemiology of eye diseases in a cohort of 3000 patients in Western Sudan during the armed conflict from 2023 to 2026.

Methodology: This study was conducted as a prospective descriptive analysis at Dr. Khalil Ophthalmology Center in El-Obeid City, North Kordofan State, Sudan, from July 1, 2023, to January 2026. The overall sample size for the specified timeframe was 3,000 patients.

Results: The most common eye diseases identified were surface eye diseases, followed by anterior segment and refractive errors (AS&RE), posterior segment and neuroophthalmological diseases (PSN), appendage diseases, and orbit and uveal tract (OUT), with prevalence rates of 40.2%, 38%, 15%, 6.4%, and 4.7%, respectively. Surface eye diseases comprised 78% of conjunctival diseases and 22% of corneal diseases. Of the appendages, 86.5% involved eyelid diseases, while 13.5% pertained to the lacrimal drainage system (LDS). PSN included 68.3% glaucoma, 23.2% retinal diseases, and 8.5% neuro-ophthalmological diseases. AS&RE diseases encompassed Lens (64.8%), Refractive Error (RE) (22.5%), and Anterior Chamber (AC) (0.3%). OUT consisted of 29.6% orbit cases and 70.4% uvea cases.

Conclusion: The prevalence of eye disease in Sudan is significantly elevated relative to other regions, influenced by various factors, notably the persistent armed conflict, poverty, and the deterioration of the health system. Cataracts, conjunctivitis, and refractive errors are common conditions.