Wound healing is a highly coordinated biological process involving hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, reepithelialization, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix deposition, and tissue remodeling. Persistent microbial infection, biofilm formation, excessive inflammation, and impaired vascularization can disrupt these processes and contribute to chronic nonhealing wounds. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also referred to as host-defense peptides, have attracted increasing attention as multifunctional therapeutic molecules because their biological effects extend beyond direct antimicrobial activity. In addition to disrupting microbial membranes, AMPs can modulate inflammatory signaling, promote keratinocyte migration and proliferation, stimulate fibroblast activity, enhance angiogenesis, and influence extracellular matrix remodeling. Among the most extensively investigated peptides, human cathelicidin LL-37 and human β-defensins have demonstrated both antimicrobial and tissue-regenerative properties in cellular, animal, and early clinical studies. However, rapid proteolytic degradation, susceptibility to the wound microenvironment, cytotoxicity at high concentrations, short residence time, and difficulties in achieving controlled local delivery remain major barriers to clinical translation. Consequently, hydrogels, nanofibers, nanoparticles, self-assembling systems, and stimuli-responsive wound dressings are being explored to improve AMP stability and therapeutic efficacy. This mini-review summarizes the biological roles of AMPs in wound healing, their mechanisms of action, representative therapeutic candidates, current delivery strategies, and major challenges that must be addressed for successful clinical translation.