The increase in the incidence of anal cancer has been mitigated with the implementation of HPV vaccination, particularly evidenced by a decline in prevalence among younger populations. However, suboptimal vaccination rates, high-risk sexual behaviors, and the ongoing high incidence of AIDS hinder a more significant reduction in the prevalence of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (SCCA). Addressing this issue requires early identification and mitigation of key risk factors, alongside a more comprehensive understanding of the tumor's molecular biology, which could ultimately contribute to more effective management of advanced disease. Current treatment for localized and locally advanced SCCA largely consists of chemoradiation therapy, while recent developments have incorporated immunotherapy with chemotherapy as a standard first-line option for palliative care. This review examines the epidemiology and pathology of anal cancer, diagnostic and staging protocols, and the evolution of public health policies targeting risk factors especially within Brazil along with recent advancements in SCCA management strategies.