Background: Large-vessel inflammatory diseases comprise a group of chronic vasculitides characterized by immune-mediated inflammation of the aorta and its primary branches. These conditions, including Takayasu arteritis, are associated with significant morbidity due to progressive vascular remodeling leading to stenosis, occlusion, or aneurysm formation. Early clinical manifestations are frequently nonspecific and dominated by constitutional symptoms, which often results in delayed recognition and diagnosis at more advanced stages of vascular involvement.

Objective: To describe a representative case of large-vessel vasculitis and to provide a clinically oriented discussion of the diagnostic approach, patterns of vascular involvement, and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms relevant to internal medicine practice.

Methods: We present a case of a young adult with clinical features suggestive of arterial insufficiency. A focused narrative review of the literature was conducted to contextualize the clinical findings, emphasizing current concepts in the diagnosis and evaluation of large-vessel inflammatory diseases, particularly Takayasu arteritis.

Results: The case demonstrates the heterogeneity of clinical presentation, ranging from systemic inflammatory symptoms to localized vascular compromise. Diagnostic evaluation revealed involvement of major arterial territories, supporting the diagnosis of largevessel vasculitis. The integration of clinical assessment, laboratory markers of inflammation, and complementary diagnostic studies allowed for accurate characterization of disease extent and activity.

Conclusion: Large-vessel inflammatory diseases remain a diagnostic challenge due to their variable and often subtle presentation. A systematic, clinically driven approach is essential to facilitate early recognition and prevent irreversible vascular damage. Takayasu arteritis serves as a prototypical entity within this spectrum, illustrating the importance of integrating pathophysiological understanding with bedside clinical evaluation.